Analgesic Drugs 1 to 10
Q1
What are the side effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents?
- Allergy; rash; pruritis
- Nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhoea
- GI irritation / ulcers
- Bleeding secondary to inhibition of platelet aggregation
- Nephrotoxicity
- Peripheral oedema; fluid retention
- Headache
Pass Criteria:
- 3 bold to pass
What specific side effects occur with aspirin?
- Salicylism – vomiting, tinnitus, hearing loss and vertigo
- Exacerbation of asthma
- Histamine induced flushing
- Irreversible platelet inhibition
- Raised LFTs
Pass Criteria:
- Any 2 to pass
Q2
Describe the effect of morphine on the different opiod receptors?
- Morphine is a full agonist in the mu receptor -> analgesia, sedation, decreased respirations, decreased GIT transit, modulation of hormone and neurotransmitter release
- Also affects delta -> analgesia, modulation of hormone and neurotransmitter release and kappa -> analgesia, psychomimetic effects, decreased GIT transit
Pass: Agonist mu receptor + 1 receptor
Describe the effects of morphine on different organ systems?
- CNS: Analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression; miosis, hyperthermia
- Stimulates release of ADH, prolactin and somatotrophin
- Truncal rigidity,
- Resp: depression, Cough suppression,
- CVS: bradycardia
- GIT: constipation, contracting biliary smooth muscle, N&V,
- Renal: Depressed renal function
- Gynae: Decreases uterine tone
- Skin: Pruritis, urticaria
Pass: CNS + resp + 2 others
Q3
What is the mechanism of action of prilocaine?
- Blockade of voltage-gated Na channels
Describe the adverse effects of prilocaine?
- CNS: sleepy, light-headed, circumoral numbness, seizures
- Cardiovascular: direct and indirect, depress pacemaker, excitability and conduction
- Haematology: Methemoglobinaemia ( accumulation of 0 –toluidine)
- Neurotoxicity
- Allergy
Pass: At least 2
How is prilocaine metabolized?
- Amide link hydrolysed by P 450 in liver and then renal excretion
Q4
Give examples of Cyclo-oxygenase Inhibitors.
- Aspirin Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs via COX 2
- NSAIDS: Non selective COX-1 and COX –2 inhibitors
- COX 2 selective agents: Celecoxib & Rofecoxib
How do Cyclo-oxygenase Inhibitors work?
- Alteration and inhibition in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins but also may: inhibit IL-1
- Inhibit chemotaxis
- Decrease production of free radicals
- Interference with calcium mediated intracellular events
- Antipyretic [PGE1 and PGE 2]
- Anti-inflammatory [complex:COX-2 inhibition more important]
- Analgesic [peripherally via effects on inflammation]
- Reversible anti-platelet effect[TXA2]
- Inhibtion of gastric cytoprotection[PGE1 and E group]
- Renal impairment[PGE1 and PGE2 and PGI2 increase GFR through vasodilation
- Effects on smooth muscle: inhibit vasodilation, bronchodilation[PGE2]
- Closure of PDA[PGE1 & PGE2]
- All NSAIDS are roughly equally efficacious –there is no best NSAID for all patients
What are their adverse effects?
Common or Common to group
- Allergy
- Anaphylaxis
- Angioedema
- Asthma exacerbation [ Nasal polyps association]
- Gastritis
- Peptic ulceration
- GI bleeding
- Increase bleeding tendency
- Renal impairment especially if dehydration, elderly or pre-existing renal disease is also present
- Nausea and vomiting
- Peripheral oedema
- Pregnancy –fetal PDA closure
Some NSAID’s
- Hepatic impairment
- Agranulocytosis
- Aplastic anaemia
- Thrombocytopaenia
- Neurlogical –various
- Headaches
- Diarrhoea
- Pancreatitis
- Pseudoporphyria
Q5
What is the mechanism of action of local anaesthetics?
- Blockade of voltage-gated Na channels in neurones
- Increasing doses lead to higher excitation threshold, slower impulse conduction, lower AP
- Blocks conduction if 2-3 nodes of Ranvier in a myelinated nerve affected
Pass: Blockage of Na channels and blocked conduction.
Which local anaesthetics are used topically?
- Lignocaine – oral spray for procedures, viscous for pharynx, with prilocaine in EMLA, other mixtures for wound and ENT care, eye drops
- EMLA (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anaesthetics – mixture of lignocaine and prilocaine) – skin anaesthesia for cannula insertion, etc.
- Cocaine – ENT procedures (combines vasoconstriction)
- Eye Drops: Proxymetacaine, amethocaine, oxybuprocaine
- Benzalkonium – oral gels
Pass Criteria:
- 2 agent
Q6
Describe the pharmaco-kinetics of a single dose of oral paracetamol.
Peak 30- 60 min, slightly prot bind
[symple_toggle title=”How is paracetamol eliminated from the body?
Liver metabolised via microsomal enzymes, (sulphate and glucuronide) 5% hydroxylated and conjugation with glutathione/cysteine via P450 (< 5% excreted unchanged),
Describe the mechanism of liver damage caused by paracetamol toxicity.
N ac benzoiminoquinone reacts with sulphhydryl groups on proteins. (Prevention using N ac cysteine)
Q7
How is Morphine metabolised?
Primarily conjugated to morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) -> 5neuro-excitatory properties. 10% of morphine conjugated to morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) -> analgesic effect
What opioid receptor sites does it act on?
Full agonist at mu receptor. But also acts on delta and kappa receptor sites.
What is the mechanism of action at the cellular level?
Close voltage-gated Ca channels -> decreased 4. 1 Ca influx on presynaptic nerve terminals and decreased transmitter release
Hyperpolarise postsynaptic neurones by increased K conductance -> inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Q8
What is the mechanism of action of local anaesthetics?
- Sodium channel blacker
- Voltage gated
NOTES: Interfere with propagation of AP by blocking the increase in sodium permeability during depolarization. Provide pain relief by blocking nociceptive fibers. Other fibers are affected as well.
Sensitivity depends on: fiber diameter, fiber type, degree of myelination. Sensory modalities are affected in the following order: pain, cold, warmth, touch, and pressure. Most local anesthetics are weak bases, pKa 7.5-9M
How are local anaesthetics classified? Give an example of each group?”]
Esters and Amides: Esters are hydrolyzed by plasma and liver esterases. Amides are metabolized in the liver.
Patients with severe hepatic damage or advanced congestive
heart failure may be unusually sensitive to these drugs. Some amides are partially excreted unchanged in the urine Esters: cocaine, procaine, amethocaine and chloroprocaine, amides lignocaine, prilocaine, mepivacaine and
bupivacaine.
Pass: 1 example of each
NOTES: Allergic reactions are rare, especially with 2mide local anesthetics.
Describe the ideal local anaesthetic for topical application?
What clinical situations would you use topical anaesthesia for?
What are the contraindications to using topical Las?
Ease of application (Not messy; No dressing; Well tolerated by kids; Not painful)
Rapid Onset of action
Low (nil) systemic toxicity eg MetHb with EMLA in neonates
High analgesic efficacy
Reasonable duration of action
Not allergenic
May be applied to the skin, the eye, the ear, the nose and the mouth as well as other mucous membranes.
EMLA cream a eutectic mixture of LAs provides surface anaesthesia of the skin (partic paeds). A mixture of base forms of lignocaine & prilocaine in equal proportions in an
emulsion. Cutaneous contact (usually under an occlusive dressing) should be maintained for at least 60 min prior to venipuncture
Other LA agents may be abs in significant amounts
particularly after topical application to the more vascular
areas, fatalities have occurred after application of these agents to mucosal surfaces.
NOTES:
Allergic reactions are rare, especially with 2mide local anesthetics.
Absorption of LAs
through intact skin is usually slow and unreliable and high concentrations (e.g.20% benzocaine or 40% lignocaine) are required. In general, cocaine, amethocaine, lignocaine and prilocaine are the most useful and effective local anaesthetics for this purpose. When used to produce topical anaesthesia, they usually have a rapid onset of action (5-10mins) and a moderate duration of action (30-60 mins).
Q9
Describe the mechanism of action of the COX-2 selective inhibitors.
Inhibits prostacyclin synthesis by selectively binding to and blocking the active site of the COX2 isoenzyme.
What adverse effects can be associated with the use of COX-2 selective inhibitors?
• GIT but fewer than non selective NSAIDs
• Possible increased CVS thrombotic events.
Pass: 2 of 3
What other drugs are inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase enzyme system?
Aspirin
Non steroidals
Q10
Explain the chemical classification of local anaesthetics.
Amides and esters
Explain tachyphylaxis associated with LA use.
Increased ionisation
Questions 11 to 20 Questions 21 to 30
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